1. Do Now – How Famous Scientists Acquired Knowledge 5 minutes
Purpose: To get students thinking about how famous scientists acquired knowledge
A1) Save this SAG as Unit 6 Lesson 2 How Did the Scientific Revolution Change the Way People Think? if you are working digitally.
A2) Save this Cornell note organizer as Notetaker Unit 6 Lesson 2 How Did the Scientific Revolution Change the Way People Think? if you are working digitally to takes notes.
B1) Directions: Think of what you know about how you do experiments in science class. Why do you think that you perform experiments in this way? Prepare to share and discuss your ideas. B2) Directions: Think of what you know about scientists like Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton.
2. Video on Plato’s Allegory of the Cave: How Truth Was Determined Before and After The Scientific Revolution
Purpose: To front load information about what the scientific revolution was. To get students thinking about how they know what they know.
Directions Watch the below videos and gather evidence for the focus and essential question.
The History of the Scientific Method
Purpose: To acquire information through analyzing visuals, note taking during and discussion.
Directions: Follow the below two steps:
1. Notice and write down the similarities and differences you see in the below two images entitled Aristotle/Ptolemaic View (Geocentric) and Copernican View (Heliocentric). Share and discuss what you have written with the class.
2. Watch the below video entitled, Geocentric View vs. Heliocentric View of the Universe. Identify which view of the universe, the Geocentric or Heliocentric fits with the first half of the video and which goes with the second half of the video. Write your answer and discuss why you chose the answer that you did.
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| Aristotle/Ptolemaic View (Geocentric)
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| Copernican View (Heliocentric) |
The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633
The following are excerpted portions from the Sentence of the Tribunal of the Supreme Inquisition against Galileo Galilei, given the 22nd day of June of the year 1633.
“It being the case that thou, Galileo, son of the late Vincenzio Galilei, a Florentine, now aged 70, wast denounced in this Holy Office in 1615:
“That thou heldest as true the false doctrine taught by many, that the Sun was the centre of the universe and immoveable, and that the Earth moved, and had also a diurnal motion: That on this same matter thou didst hold a correspondence with certain German mathematicians….
“That the Sun is the centre of the universe and doth not move from his place is a proposition absurd and false in philosophy, and formerly heretical; being expressly contrary to Holy Writ: That the Earth is not the centre of the universe nor immoveable, but that it moves, even with a diurnal motion, is likewise a proposition absurd and false in philosophy, and considered in theology ad minus erroneous in faith…..
“Invoking then the Most Holy Name of Our Lord Jesus Christ, and of His most glorious Mother Mary, ever Virgin, for this Our definite sentence, the which sitting pro tribunali, by the counsel and opinion of the Reverent Masters of theology and doctors of both laws, Our Counsellors, we present in these writings, in the cause and causes currently before Us, between the magnificent Carlo Sinceri, doctor of both laws, procurator fiscal of this Holy Office on the one part, and thou Galileo Galilei, guilty, here present, confessed and judged, on the other part:
“We say, pronounce, sentence, and declare, that thou, the said Galileo, by the things deduced during this trial, and by thee confessed as above, hast rendered thyself vehemently suspected of heresy by this Holy Office, that is, of having believed and held a doctrine which is false, and contrary to the Holy Scriptures, to wit: that the Sun is the centre of the universe, and that it does not move from east to west, and that the Earth moves and is not the centre of the universe: and that an opinion may be held and defended as probable after having been declared and defined as contrary to Holy Scripture; and in consequence thou hast incurred all the censures and penalties of the Sacred Canons, and other Decrees both general and particular, against such offenders imposed and promulgated. From the which We are content that thou shouldst be absolved, if, first of all, with a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, thou dost before Us abjure, curse, and detest the above-mentioned errors and heresies and any other error and heresy contrary to the Catholic and Apostolic Roman Church, after the manner that We shall require of thee.
“And to the end that this thy grave error and transgression remain not entirely unpunished, and that thou mayst be more cautious in the future, and an example to others to abstain from and avoid similar offences,
“We order that by a public edict the book of DIALOGUES OF GALILEO GALILEI be prohibited, and We condemn thee to the prison of this Holy Office during Our will and pleasure; and as a salutary penance We enjoin on thee that for the space of three years thou shalt recite once a week the Seven Penitential Psalms, reserving to Ourselves the faculty of moderating, changing, or taking from, all other or part of the above-mentioned pains and penalties.
“And thus We say, pronounce, declare, order, condemn, and reserve in this and in any other better way and form which by right We can and ought.
Ita pronunciamus nos Cardinalis infrascripti.
F. Cardinalis de Asculo.
G. Cardinalis Bentivolius
D. Cardinalis de Cremona.
A. Cardinalis S. Honuphri.
B. Cardinalis Gypsius.
F. Cardinalis Verospius.
M. Cardinalis Ginettus.
GALILEO’S ABJURATION.
I, Galileo Galilei, son of the late Vincenzio Galilei of Florence, aged 70 years, tried personally by this court, and kneeling before You, the most Eminent and Reverend Lord Cardinals, Inquisitors-General throughout the Christian Republic against heretical depravity, having before my eyes the Most Holy Gospels, and laying on them my own hands; I swear that I have always believed, I believe now, and with God’s help I will in future believe all which the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church doth hold, preach, and teach.
But since I, after having been admonished by this Holy Office entirely to abandon the false opinion that the Sun was the centre of the universe and immoveable, and that the Earth was not the centre of the same and that it moved, and that I was neither to hold, defend, nor teach in any manner whatever, either orally or in writing, the said false doctrine; and after having received a notification that the said doctrine is contrary to Holy Writ, I did write and cause to be printed a book in which I treat of the said already condemned doctrine, and bring forward arguments of much efficacy in its favour, without arriving at any solution: I have been judged vehemently suspected of heresy, that is, of having held and believed that the Sun is the centre of the universe and immoveable, and that the Earth is not the centre of the same, and that it does move.
Nevertheless, wishing to remove from the minds of your Eminences and all faithful Christians this vehement suspicion reasonably conceived against me, I abjure with sincere heart and unfeigned faith, I curse and detest the said errors and heresies, and generally all and every error and sect contrary to the Holy Catholic Church. And I swear that for the future I will neither say nor assert in speaking or writing such things as may bring upon me similar suspicion; and if I know any heretic, or one suspected of heresy, I will denounce him to this Holy Office, or to the Inquisitor and Ordinary of the place in which I may be.
I also swear and promise to adopt and observe entirely all the penances which have been or may be by this Holy Office imposed on me. And if I contravene any of these said promises, protests, or oaths, (which God forbid!) I submit myself to all the pains and penalties which by the Sacred Canons and other Decrees general and particular are against such offenders imposed and promulgated. So help me God and the Holy Gospels, which I touch with my own hands.
I Galileo Galilei aforesaid have abjured, sworn, and promised, and hold
myself bound as above; and in token of the truth, with my own hand have
subscribed the present schedule of my abjuration, and have recited it word
by word. In Rome, at the Convent della Minerva, this 22nd day of June,
1633.
I, GALILEO GALILEI, have abjured as above, with my own hand.
The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633
Tribunal:
“We say, pronounce, sentence, and declare, that thou, the said Galileo, by the things deduced (figured out) during this trial, and by thee confessed as above, hast rendered thyself vehemently (with great emotion) suspected of heresy (beliefs against the church) by this Holy Office, that is, of having believed and held a doctrine which is false, and contrary to (against) the Holy Scriptures… that the Sun is the centre of the universe, and that it does not move from east to west, and that the Earth moves and is not the centre of the universe: and that an opinion may be held and defended as probable after having been declared and defined as contrary to Holy Scripture; and in consequence thou hast incurred (earned) all the censures (severe disapproval) and penalties of the Sacred Canons, and other Decrees both general and particular, against such offenders imposed and promulgated (publicized). We… curse, and detest (hate) the above-mentioned errors and heresies and any other error and heresy contrary to the Catholic and Apostolic Roman Church…”
Galileo:
“I swear and promise to adopt and observe entirely all the penances (punishments) which have been or may be by this Holy Office imposed on me. And if I contravene (violate) any of these said promises, protests, or oaths, I submit myself to all the pains and penalties which by the Sacred Canons and other Decrees general and particular are against such offenders imposed and promulgated (promoted). So help me God and the Holy Gospels, which I touch with my own hands.
1) Why was there serious opposition to Galileo’s Heliocentric View of the Universe?
Perspective (What is your answer to the question):
Evidence (What quotes from the text support your answer? Be sure to state what the quotes mean in your own words):
Analysis (How do the quotes that you selected prove that your perspective is correct?)
2) On what grounds was Galileo’s work criticized?
Perspective (What is your answer to the question):
Evidence (What quotes from the text support your answer? Be sure to state what the quotes mean in your own words):
Analysis (How do the quotes that you selected prove that your perspective is correct?)
Evidence (What quotes from the text support your answer? Be sure to state what the quotes mean in your own words):
Analysis (How do the quotes that you selected prove that your perspective is correct?)
4) How did the Church try to stop the ideas from being disseminated (spread) and how successful do you think they were?
Perspective (What is your answer to the question):
Evidence (What quotes from the text support your answer? Be sure to state what the quotes mean in your own words):
Analysis (How do the quotes that you selected prove that your perspective is correct?)
Purpose: To inform other of your comprehension of today’s lesson. To practice academic essay writing
Directions:
A) During this lesson you gathered evidence for the focus question. Write an answer to the focus question using the HHSLT Academic Essay Outline. Use the Global History Model of Excellence Essay to see what a completed essay look likes. Use the Global History writing rubric to ensure that high quality argumentative essay is written.
B) Also during this lesson you gathered ideas that are debatable. These ideas a not limited to, but include: Platonic View of Truth vs Scientific Method and Galileo’s Response To The Church Was The Best Response vs Galileo’s Response To The Church Was Not The Best Response. Construct a counterclaim using the HHSLT Academic Essay Outline if needed. Use the Global History Model of Excellence Essay to see what a model counter claim look like. The debate rubric will be used by all observers to determine the winner of the debate.
The Global History Explorer 